Methodology

How Americans See Men and Masculinity
- Key findings
- Other important findings
1. Public views on men and masculinity
- Perceptions of how manly or masculine men are viewed in the U.S.
- Traits society values too much or too little in men
2. Behaviors people find acceptable and unacceptable in men
- What is and isn’t acceptable in relationships
3. Views on the progress men and women have made in different areas
4. Views of the impact of changing gender roles
- How have changing gender roles impacted men and women?
5. How Americans see differences between men and women
- The role of biology and societal expectations in gender differences
- Are mothers or fathers better at handling certain parenting duties?
6. How men and women rate their own masculinity and femininity
- How men and women rate themselves on a masculine-feminine scale
- Influences on views about what it means to be a man or a woman
Acknowledgments
Methodology
- The American Trends Panel survey methodology

The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Overview

Data in this report comes from Wave 154 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center’s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Sept. 3 to 15, 2024. A total of 6,204 panelists responded out of 8,216 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 76%. This includes 5,202 respondents from the ATP and an additional 1,002 from the SSRS Opinion Panel.

The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 2%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 2%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 6,204 respondents is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points.

The survey includes an oversample of Hispanic adults, non-Hispanic Black adults and non-Hispanic Asian adults in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups. These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.

SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=5,974) and live telephone (n=230) interviewing. Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.

To learn more about the ATP, read “About the American Trends Panel.”

Panel recruitment

Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment. A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service’s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population.² Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.³ Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.

A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014. In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an “oversample”) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups. For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Sample design

The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States. It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which Hispanic adults, non-Hispanic Black adults and non-Hispanic Asian adults were selected with certainty. The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S. adult population to the greatest extent possible. Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.

The ATP was supplemented with an oversample of self-identified non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic panelists from SSRS’s Opinion Panel.

Questionnaire development and testing

The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS. The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers. The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.

Incentives

All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 for ATP respondents, and $5 to $10 for SSRS Opinion Panel respondents, depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.

Data collection protocol

The data collection field period for this survey was Sept. 3 to Sept. 15, 2024. Surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing.

For panelists who take surveys online:⁴ Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset of ATP panelists on Sept. 3.⁵ Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch for ATP, which began with an initial invitation sent on Sept. 3. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Sept. 4. For the SSRS Opinion Panel, 112 panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Sept. 4. All remaining SSRS panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Sept. 5.

Panelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to four email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to four SMS reminders.

For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer: Prenotification postcards were mailed on Aug. 28, and reminder postcards were mailed on Sept. 3. Soft launch took place on Sept. 3 and involved dialing until a total of three interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists’ numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.

Table shows Invitation and reminder dates for web respondents, ATP Wave 154

Data quality checks

To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, two ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.

Weighting

This survey is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel. For ATP panelists, these weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys, panel attrition, and differential probabilities of selection for this specific survey. Base weights for Opinion Panel respondents were provided by SSRS.

The weights for respondents from each sample were then rescaled and combined to account for the inclusion of multiple samples and their designs. The combined weight was then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.

Table shows American Trends Panel weighting dimensions

The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.

Table shows Sample sizes and margins of error, ATP Wave 154

Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.

Dispositions and response rates

Table shows Final dispositions, ATP Wave 154

Table shows Cumulative response rate, ATP Wave 154

A note about the Asian adult sample

This survey includes a total sample size of 554 Asian adults. The sample primarily includes English-speaking Asian adults and, therefore, may not be representative of the overall Asian adult population. Despite this limitation, it is important to report the views of Asian adults on the topics in this study. As always, Asian adults’ responses are incorporated into the general population figures throughout this report.