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  • report

    Methodology

    Data source Pew Research Center’s analysis in this report is based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020, 2021 and 2022 Surveys of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). These are the three latest years in which SIPP was conducted. It is a nationally representative survey that focuses on the income of U.S. households and […]

  • report

    Methodology

    Note: An earlier version of the report used the phrase “racial conspiracy theories” to describe a complex and sensitive set of findings. We previously defined racial conspiracy theories as the suspicions that Black adults might have about the actions of U.S. institutions based on their personal and collective historical experiences with racial discrimination. For editorial […]

  • report

    Methodology

    Overview of survey methodologies The analysis of changes in party identification over time is based on a compilation of survey estimates conducted by telephone between 1994 and 2018 and online surveys conducted on Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel between 2019 and 2023. Data from telephone surveys is adjusted to account for differences in survey […]

  • report

    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in […]

  • report

    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in […]

  • report

    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in […]

  • report

    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in […]

  • report

    Methodology

    The data for the historical analysis in this report is derived from the Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS), which are conducted in March of every year. The specific files used in this report are from March 1971 to March 2023 and contain data on the annual income of […]