This report was written by Kiana Cox, Research Associate, and Christine Tamir, Research Analyst.

Editorial guidance was provided by Mark Hugo Lopez, Director, Race and Ethnicity Research; Khadijah Edwards, Research Associate; Kim Parker, Director, Social and Demographic Trends Research; Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Associate Director, Social and Demographic Trends Research; and Besheer Mohamed, Senior Researcher.

Methodological guidance was provided by Courtney Kennedy, Vice President, Methods and Data and Innovation and Ashley Amaya, Senior Survey Research Methodologist. Guidance on the communications strategy and outreach was provided by Tanya Arditi, Communications Manager.

The report was number checked by Mohamad Moslimani, Research Assistant. Shannon Greenwood, Digital Producer, produced the report. David Kent, Senior Copy Editor, copy edited the report. Charts were designed by Michael Keegan, Senior Information Graphics Designer; Peter Bell, Design Director; Tamir; and Cox.

Pew Research Center is grateful to a panel of expert advisers who gave advice on all stages of this report: Michael C. Dawson, John D. MacArthur Professor of Political Science and the College at the University of Chicago; Leah Wright Rigueur, SNF Agora Institute Associate Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University; C. Riley Snorton, Professor of English Language and Literature and the Center for Gender and Sexuality Studies at the University of Chicago; Mosi Adesina Ifatunji, Assistant Professor of Afro-American Studies and Sociology at the University of Wisconsin at Madison; and Charlene A. Carruthers, Founding National Director of Black Youth Project 100. 

Find related reports online at https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/race-ethnicity/racial-ethnic-groups/black-americans/.