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    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview Data in this report comes from Wave 181 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center’s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Oct. 6 to Oct. 16, 2025. A total of 8,046 panelists responded out of 12,845 who were sampled, […]

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    Appendix: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    Appendix B: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview Data in this report comes from Wave 158 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center’s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Oct. 21 to 27, 2024. A total of 9,593 panelists responded out of 10,612 who were sampled, for […]

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    Appendix A: Adjusting for mode effects when combining telephone surveys and the American Trends Panel

    Since 2018, Pew Research Center’s primary U.S. public opinion source has been online surveys conducted on the nationally representative American Trends Panel. Previously, telephone surveys were the Center’s primary U.S. public opinion source. This transition from telephone to online surveys was necessary for a variety of reasons, including declining cooperation rates by telephone and increasing […]

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    Appendix A: Political categorization

    For this analysis, we grouped people into two political categories: those who support the governing political party (or parties) in their country, and those who do not. These categories were coded based on the party or parties in power at the time the survey was fielded and on respondents’ answers to a question asking which […]

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    Methodology

    Focus groups Pew Research Center worked with PSB Insights to conduct nine 90-minute online focus groups with a total of 44 U.S. adults from Sept. 24 to Oct. 10, 2024. The intent of this project was to explore the attitudes and experiences of adults without a four-year college degree, adults in rural areas, and people […]

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