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    Methodology C: Definitions and concepts

    This report presents estimates of the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States as of July 2023 and for earlier years. These estimates supersede all previously published Pew Research Center estimates. This appendix provides details on how the estimates are rounded and definitions of various concepts used in the report. This methodology section is […]

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    1. Views of the Israel-Hamas war

    At the time of the survey in March and early April, Israelis voiced differing views of the war. Reactions to the military response against Hamas were generally mixed, as were attitudes toward the principal decision-makers – the three members of Israel’s war cabinet. However, most Israelis shared concerns that the war could expand across the […]

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    Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology

    Our typology sorts the public into nine groups based on their political and cultural values, not their party – painting a picture of American politics with far more than two colors.

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    4. Restrictions in the 25 most populous countries

    CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Some of the text in Chapter 4 has been corrected with updated SHI figures for 2019. Germany is now described as experiencing a “modest decrease,” rather than a “large decline,” in its SHI score between 2019 and 2020. Refer to the errata page for details. More than 5 billion people – almost three-quarters of […]

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    Methodology

    The data for the historical analysis in this report is derived from the Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey (CPS), which are conducted in March of every year. The specific files used in this report are from March 1971 to March 2023 and contain data on the annual income of […]

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    2. Global migration change, 1990-2020

    Migration outpaced global population growth by 83% to 47% from 1990-2020. Buddhist and Muslim migrants more than doubled in number during this time.

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