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    Appendix: Defining income tiers

    To create upper-, middle- and lower-income tiers, respondents’ 2019 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and for household size. “Middle-income” adults live in families with annual incomes that are two-thirds to double the median family income in the panel (after incomes have been adjusted for the local cost of […]

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    Appendix A: Weighting for panel conditioning analyses

    Two types of weights were created for the analyses found in this report.  Weights for analyses using ATP self-reported data The first type of weight was designed to ensure each group (e.g., cohort) was individually representative of the general population. To accomplish this, the ATP data are weighted in a multistep process that accounts for […]

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    Methodology

    This is the 12th time Pew Research Center has measured restrictions on religion around the globe.[66. numoffset=”66″ See Methodology of Pew Research Center’s 2009 report “Global Restrictions on Religion” for a discussion of the conceptual basis for measuring restrictions on religion.] This report, which includes data for the year ending Dec. 31, 2019, generally follows the […]

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    8. U.S. Jews’ political views

    Pew Research Center surveys, including the 2020 study, show that Jews are among the most consistently liberal and Democratic groups in the U.S. population. Seven-in-ten Jewish adults identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, and half describe their political views as liberal. This general inclination toward the Democratic Party and liberal values goes hand-in-hand […]

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    3. Navigating technological challenges

    With increased demands placed on home internet connections and the nation’s internet infrastructure during the pandemic, the quality and affordability of home internet connections became a focus for users on several fronts. About half of U.S. broadband users say they have struggled with their connections, and roughly three-in-ten upgraded their connections during the pandemic. Some broadband users worry about […]

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    Methodology

    The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. Interviews are conducted in both […]

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    How Global Public Opinion of China Has Shifted in the Xi Era

    The Chinese Communist Party is preparing for its 20th National Congress, an event likely to result in an unprecedented third term for President Xi Jinping. Since Xi took office in 2013, opinion of China in the U.S. and other advanced economies has turned more negative. How did it get to be this way?

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    1. In 2019, decline in number of countries with ‘very high’ government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion

    CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in Chapter 1 have been corrected with updated SHI figures. Refer to the errata page for details.  Countries with the most extensive government restrictions on religion Government restrictions on religion vary from country to country, and some countries have much higher scores on the Government Restrictions […]