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    Diversity and Division in Advanced Economies

    Wide majorities in most of the 17 advanced economies surveyed say having people of many different backgrounds improves their society, but most also see conflicts between partisan, racial and ethnic groups.

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    Appendix A: Codebook

    Freedom and human rights Freedom of choice Freedom of speech Freedom of religion Freedom of assembly Human rights Freedom from oppression Elections and procedure Voting Referendums Free and fair elections Public chooses government Ability to vote people out Voice in government Needs of the majority win out Public has power to influence decisions Elected officials […]

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    Acknowledgments

    This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals. Find related reports online at pewresearch.org/pewresearch-org/religion. Primary Researchers           Justin Nortey, Research Assistant Claire Gecewicz, Research Associate Research Team         Gregory A. Smith, Associate Director, Research Alan Cooperman, Director of Religion Research Becka A. Alper, Senior Researcher Joshua Alvarado, Research Assistant […]

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    3. Faith and Flag Conservatives

    Staunchly conservative on all issues; deeply loyal to Donald Trump Note: For a new and fully revised version of Pew Research Center’s political typology (published June 2026), read “Beyond Red vs. Blue: The 2026 Political Typology.” Faith and Flag Conservatives are highly religious, politically engaged and both socially and economically conservative. They favor a robust role […]

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    1. The midterm elections and views of Biden

    Among all registered voters, preferences for the U.S. House are currently closely divided – and a sizable share of voters say they are uncertain of how they would vote if the election were held today. Four-in-ten registered voters currently support or lean toward the Republican candidate in their district, while about the same share back […]

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    3. Median index scores for government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion declined or remained stable in most regions in 2019

    CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in this chapter have been revised to correct the SHI median scores for the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and the Middle East-North Africa region, and to revise Norway’s SHI category. The median scores changed by 0.1 point for each of these three regions. Refer to the errata […]

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    Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation

    Indians see religious tolerance as a central part of who they are as a nation. Across the major religious groups, most people say it is very important to respect all religions to be “truly Indian.”

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    Religious Composition of India

    All major religious groups in India have shown sharp declines in their fertility rates, limiting change in the country’s religious composition since 1951. Meanwhile, fertility differences between India’s religious groups are generally much smaller than they used to be.