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    Buddhism, Islam and Religious Pluralism in South and Southeast Asia

    In Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, more than 90% of Buddhists see strong links between their religion and country. In the neighboring countries of Malaysia and Indonesia, nearly all Muslims say being Muslim is important to being truly part of their nation.

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    2. Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese folk religions

    Confucianism Named after the sage Confucius (b. 551 B.C.E.), Confucianism is one of the most important philosophical traditions in China. Although it’s widely considered a spiritual philosophy, some scholars classify it as a religion. Its beliefs center on a pervasive, invisible divine power – tian (天), usually translated as “heaven” – that controls humans’ fate […]

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    2. Religious identity

    Across five of the six countries surveyed, virtually all respondents identify with a religion. And even in Singapore, the lone exception, about eight-in-ten adults identify with Buddhism, Christianity, Islam or another religious tradition. But for most people in the region, these religious identities are not just about religion. Indeed, most adults who claim a religion […]

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    1. Religious landscape and change

    Among the six countries surveyed, Buddhists make up a majority in three (Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand) and Muslims in two (Indonesia and Malaysia). Singapore, which ranks among the most religiously diverse countries in the world, has no majority religion and is home to substantial communities of Buddhists, Muslims, Christians, Hindus, followers of Chinese traditional […]

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    Methodology: Focus groups

    Pew Research Center designed this focus group and interview-based study to better understand Asian Americans’ diverse perspectives on the intersection of religious identity and ethnic culture. The analysis presented in this data essay is intended to provide insight into Asian Americans’ cultural connections to religion and is not meant to be an exhaustive representation of […]

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