Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World

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    5. Populist Right

    Immigration hard-liners with critical views of the economic system Note: For a new and fully revised version of Pew Research Center’s political typology (published June 2026), read “Beyond Red vs. Blue: The 2026 Political Typology.” Very conservative and overwhelmingly Republican, Populist Right hold highly restrictive views about immigration policy and are very critical of government. But, […]

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    8. Outsider Left

    Note: For a new and fully revised version of Pew Research Center’s political typology (published June 2026), read “Beyond Red vs. Blue: The 2026 Political Typology.” Outsider Left are the youngest typology group, making up 10% of the public. Holding liberal views on most issues and overwhelmingly voting Democratic, they aren’t particularly enamored with the Democratic […]

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    6. Nationalism and politics

    Indians nearly universally take great pride in their country. Fully 96% of Indian adults say they are very proud to be Indian, and similarly large percentages say they are very proud to be from their state and to be a member of their religious community. While nearly everyone is proud to be Indian, there is […]

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    1. In 2019, decline in number of countries with ‘very high’ government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion

    CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in Chapter 1 have been corrected with updated SHI figures. Refer to the errata page for details.  Countries with the most extensive government restrictions on religion Government restrictions on religion vary from country to country, and some countries have much higher scores on the Government Restrictions […]

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    12. Beliefs about God

    Nearly all Indians believe in God, with most saying they are absolutely certain in this belief. But the nature of the deities Indians believe in varies. While the majority of Hindus (61%) and Jains (54%) say there is “only one God with many manifestations,” most Muslims (66%), Christians (68%) and Sikhs (57%) say there is […]