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    Appendix E: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    3. Harris’ and Trump’s personal traits and the tone of their campaigns

    Voters assess Vice President Kamala Harris more positively than former President Donald Trump on many personal characteristics. Majorities of voters describe both Trump and Harris as “standing up for what they believe in,” but Trump has a 9 percentage point edge on this trait. About seven-in-ten voters (69%) say this describes him either very or […]

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    Methodology

    Overview of survey methodologies The analysis of changes in party identification over time is based on a compilation of survey estimates conducted by telephone between 1994 and 2018 and online surveys conducted on Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel between 2019 and 2023. Data from telephone surveys is adjusted to account for differences in survey […]

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    Methodology

    Overview Data in this report comes from Wave 153 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center’s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Aug. 26 to Sept. 2, 2024. A total of 9,720 panelists responded out of 10,645 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of […]

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    Methodology

    About Pew Research Center’s Spring 2023 Global Attitudes Survey Results for the survey are based on telephone, face-to-face and online interviews conducted under the direction of Gallup, Kantar Public, Langer Research Associates and Social Research Centre. The results are based on national samples, unless otherwise noted. More details about our international survey methodology and country-specific […]