Muslims are a growing presence in U.S., but still face negative views from the public
The U.S. Muslim population has grown in the decades since 9/11, but views toward them have become increasingly polarized along political lines.
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2. Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese folk religions
Confucianism Named after the sage Confucius (b. 551 B.C.E.), Confucianism is one of the most important philosophical traditions in China. Although it’s widely considered a spiritual philosophy, some scholars classify it as a religion. Its beliefs center on a pervasive, invisible divine power – tian (天), usually translated as “heaven” – that controls humans’ fate […]
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3. Median index scores for government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion declined or remained stable in most regions in 2019
CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in this chapter have been revised to correct the SHI median scores for the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and the Middle East-North Africa region, and to revise Norway’s SHI category. The median scores changed by 0.1 point for each of these three regions. Refer to the errata […]
