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    Appendix C: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    2024 National Public Opinion Reference Survey Methodology

    Summary SSRS conducted the National Public Opinion Reference Survey (NPORS) for Pew Research Center using address-based sampling and a multimode protocol. The survey was fielded from Feb. 1, 2024, to June 10, 2024. Participants were first mailed an invitation to complete an online survey. A paper survey was later mailed to those who did not […]

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    Methodology

    This report is based on a pair of Pew Research Center surveys and a series of in-depth interviews. It draws on a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults who are members of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), a survey of U.S.-based experts in artificial intelligence (AI) and 30 in-depth interviews with experts who participated […]

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