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    2. Government reform, special interests and the media

    Though political systems vary across the 24 countries surveyed,[1. The 24 countries surveyed include parliamentary republics, presidential republics, constitutional monarchies, federal republics and semi-presidential republics.] citizens in each call for similarly broad changes to government rules and norms. In most countries surveyed, government reform – including calls for transparency, term limits and adjusting the balance […]

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    1. Politicians, changing leadership and political parties

    In the vast majority of the 24 countries surveyed, politicians are the most common subject of proposals to improve democracy. Some call for different types of people to enter the political arena, while others simply want their current politicians to perform better. Many want their leaders to pay closer attention to and respond more appropriately […]

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    Appendix C: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    Appendix E: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    6. Evaluations of members of Congress and the biggest problem with elected officials today

    Americans express highly negative views of elected officials – and have grown increasingly pessimistic about their congressional representatives over the past several years. In fact, views of Congress, congressional leadership, the current and former president, and the vice president are all underwater. When asked about various aspects of the job those in Congress are doing, […]

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    Public Trust in Government: 1958-2024

    Public trust in government remains low, as it has for much of the 21st century. Roughly two-in-ten Americans say they trust the government in Washington to do what is right “just about always” (2%) or “most of the time” (21%).

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    Appendix A: Political categorization

    For this analysis, we grouped people into two political categories: those who support the governing political party (or parties) in their country, and those who do not. These categories were coded based on the party or parties in power at the time the survey was fielded and on respondents’ answers to a question asking which […]

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