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    Appendix: Classifying European political parties

    Classifying parties as populist Although experts generally agree that populist political leaders or parties display high levels of anti-elitism, definitions of populism vary. We use three measures to classify populist parties: anti-elite ratings from the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), Norris’ Global Party Survey and The PopuList. We define a party as populist when […]

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    3. Views of children’s financial future

    Across the nations we surveyed, people are generally pessimistic about the financial future of the next generation in their country. A median of 57% say children will grow up to be financially worse off than their parents, compared with a median of 34% who say they will be better off. In the high-income nations of […]

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    Appendix A: Coding methodology

    This Pew Research Center analysis on views of how to improve democracy uses data from nationally representative surveys conducted in 24 countries. For non-U.S. data, this analysis draws on nationally representative surveys of 27,285 adults conducted from Feb. 20 to May 22, 2023. Surveys were conducted over the phone with adults in Canada, France, Germany, […]

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