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    Pastors Often Discussed Election, Pandemic and Racism in Fall of 2020

    Among churches that posted their sermons, homilies or worship services online between Aug. 31 and Nov. 8, 2020, two-thirds posted at least one message from the pulpit mentioning the election. But discussion varied considerably among the four major Christian groups included in this analysis.

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    1. In 2019, decline in number of countries with ‘very high’ government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion

    CORRECTION (Dec. 19, 2025): Two charts and some of the text in Chapter 1 have been corrected with updated SHI figures. Refer to the errata page for details.  Countries with the most extensive government restrictions on religion Government restrictions on religion vary from country to country, and some countries have much higher scores on the Government Restrictions […]

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    1. Religious freedom, discrimination and communal relations

    Indians generally see high levels of religious freedom in their country. Overwhelming majorities of people in each major religious group, as well as in the overall public, say they are “very free” to practice their religion. Smaller shares, though still majorities within each religious community, say people of other religions also are very free to […]

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    9. Religious clothing and personal appearance

    Definitions of terms in this chapter Bindi: A decorative mark on the forehead, worn by Hindu women (and members of some other religious groups), traditionally believed to be venerating an energy center of the human body or representing “the third eye,” but also worn as an adornment or a sign of marriage. Burqa: A loose-fitting […]

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    3. Discrimination in society

    About eight-in-ten Americans say there is a lot or some discrimination against Muslims in their society, and two-thirds or more in the UK, Germany and France agree. In every country but Germany, significantly more say there is discrimination against Muslims than say the same of Jews. In Germany, 64% say Jews are discriminated against – […]

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    Appendix A: Congregations that share sermons online are disproportionately evangelical and have larger audiences; sermons are longer than in 2019 study

    Among the congregations included in this study for which researchers were able to identify a religious tradition, 52% were evangelical Protestant; 22% were mainline Protestant; 4% were Catholic; and 1% were historically Black Protestant churches. The database also contained a small number of congregations belonging to smaller Christian groups or non-Christian religions; for more, see […]

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    5. Religious identity

    The vast majority of Indians identify with six major religious groups: Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains. In this report, respondents are often categorized accordingly, based on their answers to a question about their religious identity. But the survey also finds that for most members of these six groups, these identities are not only […]

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