Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Age distribution among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who are ages…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
18-29
30-49
50-64
65+
Sample size
Conservative
31%
37%
22%
11%
1,251
Moderate
35%
39%
19%
8%
2,640
Liberal
36%
36%
19%
9%
3,073
Don't know
37%
38%
16%
8%
473
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who are…
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Table
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Political ideology
Younger Millennial
Older Millennial
Generation X
Baby Boomer
Silent
Greatest
Sample size
Conservative
21%
17%
29%
26%
6%
1%
1,251
Moderate
22%
21%
30%
22%
5%
< 1%
2,640
Liberal
22%
23%
27%
23%
5%
< 1%
3,073
Don't know
21%
28%
26%
19%
5%
1%
473
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Men
Women
Sample size
Conservative
64%
36%
1,277
Moderate
61%
39%
2,681
Liberal
50%
50%
3,107
Don't know
54%
46%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who identify as…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
White
Black
Asian
Latino
Other/Mixed
Sample size
Conservative
66%
11%
4%
15%
4%
1,246
Moderate
70%
9%
5%
12%
4%
2,634
Liberal
70%
8%
5%
13%
5%
3,078
Don't know
63%
11%
6%
13%
6%
469
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who are…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Immigrants
Second generation
Third generation or higher
Sample size
Conservative
13%
12%
75%
1,257
Moderate
11%
11%
78%
2,647
Liberal
14%
14%
72%
3,065
Don't know
13%
10%
77%
466
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who have a household income of…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Less than $30,000
$30,000-$49,999
$50,000-$99,999
$100,000 or more
Sample size
Conservative
37%
19%
26%
18%
1,127
Moderate
30%
22%
28%
20%
2,425
Liberal
29%
20%
26%
24%
2,874
Don't know
56%
17%
15%
12%
364
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who have completed…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
High school or less
Some college
College
Post-graduate degree
Sample size
Conservative
53%
30%
13%
5%
1,276
Moderate
37%
35%
18%
10%
2,677
Liberal
28%
32%
23%
16%
3,101
Don't know
61%
27%
8%
4%
478
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Married
Living with a partner
Divorced/separated
Widowed
Never married
Sample size
Conservative
43%
10%
12%
3%
32%
1,265
Moderate
39%
11%
10%
3%
37%
2,675
Liberal
36%
13%
12%
3%
37%
3,098
Don't know
27%
9%
13%
4%
47%
485
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who are…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Parents
Non-parents
Sample size
Conservative
30%
70%
1,275
Moderate
27%
73%
2,668
Liberal
23%
77%
3,102
Don't know
29%
71%
487
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in God among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say they…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Believe in God; absolutely certain
Believe in God; fairly certain
Believe in God; not too/not at all certain
Believe in God; don't know
Do not believe in God
Other/don't know if they believe in God
Sample size
Conservative
40%
23%
9%
1%
22%
5%
1,277
Moderate
25%
26%
13%
1%
30%
6%
2,681
Liberal
20%
19%
11%
< 1%
43%
5%
3,107
Don't know
37%
18%
9%
2%
27%
7%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say religion is…
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Political ideology
Very important
Somewhat important
Not too important
Not at all important
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
22%
25%
24%
27%
2%
1,277
Moderate
11%
25%
29%
35%
1%
2,681
Liberal
9%
17%
25%
49%
1%
3,107
Don't know
19%
23%
21%
36%
2%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who attend religious services…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month/a few times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
7%
28%
64%
< 1%
1,277
Moderate
4%
27%
69%
< 1%
2,681
Liberal
3%
19%
77%
< 1%
3,107
Don't know
6%
20%
73%
1%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who pray…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
At least daily
Weekly
Monthly
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
28%
12%
7%
52%
< 1%
1,277
Moderate
18%
12%
7%
62%
< 1%
2,681
Liberal
16%
9%
7%
68%
< 1%
3,107
Don't know
26%
12%
5%
55%
1%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who attend prayer group…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
8%
4%
5%
82%
1%
1,277
Moderate
4%
3%
4%
90%
< 1%
2,681
Liberal
4%
3%
2%
91%
< 1%
3,107
Don't know
7%
4%
4%
84%
1%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who meditate…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
27%
8%
3%
61%
1%
1,277
Moderate
24%
10%
6%
60%
1%
2,681
Liberal
28%
11%
6%
54%
1%
3,107
Don't know
24%
7%
3%
64%
2%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
39%
14%
11%
35%
2%
1,277
Moderate
38%
17%
12%
32%
1%
2,681
Liberal
42%
17%
10%
30%
2%
3,107
Don't know
36%
11%
8%
38%
7%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
43%
14%
11%
30%
1%
1,277
Moderate
44%
18%
13%
24%
< 1%
2,681
Liberal
51%
17%
12%
19%
1%
3,107
Don't know
40%
11%
10%
36%
3%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Religion
Philosophy/reason
Common sense
Science
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
12%
11%
62%
13%
2%
1,277
Moderate
6%
17%
60%
16%
2%
2,681
Liberal
5%
23%
50%
21%
1%
3,107
Don't know
12%
10%
61%
10%
7%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
There are clear standards for what is right and wrong
Right or wrong depends on the situation
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
31%
67%
1%
1%
1,277
Moderate
21%
78%
1%
< 1%
2,681
Liberal
14%
84%
1%
1%
3,107
Don't know
23%
69%
5%
3%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who read scripture…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
16%
7%
6%
70%
< 1%
1,277
Moderate
8%
6%
6%
80%
< 1%
2,681
Liberal
6%
5%
6%
82%
< 1%
3,107
Don't know
15%
5%
3%
76%
1%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say the holy scripture is…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Word of God; should be taken literally
Word of God; not everything taken literally
Word of God; other/don't know
Not the word of God
Other/don't know
Sample size
Conservative
17%
14%
1%
58%
9%
1,277
Moderate
7%
13%
< 1%
72%
7%
2,681
Liberal
6%
7%
< 1%
82%
4%
3,107
Don't know
17%
14%
3%
51%
15%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who …in heaven
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
Conservative
51%
38%
11%
1,277
Moderate
39%
50%
11%
2,681
Liberal
27%
66%
7%
3,107
Don't know
47%
38%
15%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who …in hell
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
Conservative
39%
52%
10%
1,277
Moderate
29%
62%
9%
2,681
Liberal
18%
77%
6%
3,107
Don't know
36%
49%
15%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Party affiliation among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who identify as…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Republican/lean Rep.
No lean
Democrat/lean Dem.
Sample size
Conservative
52%
20%
28%
1,277
Moderate
29%
23%
48%
2,681
Liberal
8%
14%
78%
3,107
Don't know
11%
66%
23%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who would rather have…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Smaller government; fewer services
Bigger government; more services
Depends
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
64%
32%
2%
2%
1,277
Moderate
57%
36%
3%
4%
2,681
Liberal
30%
63%
4%
3%
3,107
Don't know
41%
43%
5%
12%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say government aid to the poor…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Does more harm than good
Does more good than harm
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
58%
36%
4%
2%
1,277
Moderate
41%
53%
4%
1%
2,681
Liberal
20%
76%
2%
2%
3,107
Don't know
41%
45%
7%
7%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say abortion should be…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Legal in all/most cases
Illegal in all/most cases
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
56%
38%
6%
1,277
Moderate
75%
22%
3%
2,681
Liberal
82%
15%
3%
3,107
Don't know
56%
32%
13%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say homosexuality…
Chart
Table
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Political ideology
Should be accepted
Should be discouraged
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
67%
25%
4%
4%
1,277
Moderate
85%
10%
3%
2%
2,681
Liberal
90%
8%
1%
1%
3,107
Don't know
69%
15%
8%
8%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who …same-sex marriage
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Strongly favor/favor
Oppose/strongly oppose
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
57%
34%
9%
1,277
Moderate
80%
14%
5%
2,681
Liberal
89%
8%
3%
3,107
Don't know
60%
22%
18%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say…
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Table
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Political ideology
Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
49%
45%
3%
3%
1,277
Moderate
28%
67%
3%
2%
2,681
Liberal
15%
82%
1%
2%
3,107
Don't know
32%
54%
4%
10%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among the Unaffiliated by political ideology
% of the Unaffiliated who say humans…
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Table
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Political ideology
Evolved; due to natural processes
Evolved; due to God's design
Evolved; don't know how
Always existed in present form
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
48%
17%
5%
27%
4%
1,277
Moderate
65%
16%
4%
14%
2%
2,681
Liberal
74%
11%
4%
10%
1%
3,107
Don't know
40%
17%
9%
21%
13%
491
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.