Educational distribution among adults who do not believe in Hell by religious group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who have completed…
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Religious tradition
High school or less
Some college
College
Post-graduate degree
Sample size
Buddhist
16%
31%
27%
25%
191
Catholic
44%
25%
18%
13%
2,063
Evangelical Protestant
40%
36%
16%
8%
952
Hindu
11%
17%
25%
47%
117
Historically Black Protestant
52%
32%
9%
7%
224
Jehovah's Witness
64%
24%
9%
3%
212
Jewish
15%
18%
32%
35%
635
Mainline Protestant
28%
26%
24%
22%
2,045
Mormon
23%
37%
27%
14%
226
Unaffiliated (religious "nones")
31%
32%
23%
15%
5,262
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Age distribution among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are ages…
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Educational distribution
18-29
30-49
50-64
65+
Sample size
High school or less
27%
28%
24%
21%
2,840
Some college
33%
31%
22%
14%
3,015
College
22%
38%
25%
15%
3,746
Post-graduate degree
9%
43%
28%
20%
2,972
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are…
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Educational distribution
Younger Millennial
Older Millennial
Generation X
Baby Boomer
Silent
Greatest
Sample size
High school or less
21%
12%
23%
29%
14%
2%
2,840
Some college
22%
18%
24%
27%
8%
1%
3,015
College
10%
21%
30%
30%
9%
1%
3,746
Post-graduate degree
1%
16%
35%
34%
12%
1%
2,972
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are…
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Educational distribution
Men
Women
Sample size
High school or less
54%
46%
2,879
Some college
50%
50%
3,053
College
49%
51%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
49%
51%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who identify as…
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Educational distribution
White
Black
Asian
Latino
Other/Mixed
Sample size
High school or less
62%
9%
3%
23%
3%
2,845
Some college
71%
8%
4%
12%
5%
3,012
College
78%
5%
6%
8%
3%
3,755
Post-graduate degree
79%
3%
9%
5%
3%
2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are…
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Educational distribution
Immigrants
Second generation
Third generation or higher
Sample size
High school or less
20%
12%
68%
2,840
Some college
11%
14%
75%
3,024
College
14%
12%
74%
3,798
Post-graduate degree
18%
11%
71%
3,005
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who have a household income of…
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Educational distribution
Less than $30,000
$30,000-$49,999
$50,000-$99,999
$100,000 or more
Sample size
High school or less
46%
23%
20%
11%
2,491
Some college
30%
23%
30%
17%
2,729
College
14%
16%
35%
35%
3,440
Post-graduate degree
9%
10%
31%
51%
2,745
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are…
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Educational distribution
Married
Living with a partner
Divorced/separated
Widowed
Never married
Sample size
High school or less
40%
9%
13%
8%
31%
2,869
Some college
39%
10%
14%
5%
32%
3,041
College
54%
10%
10%
3%
24%
3,797
Post-graduate degree
64%
8%
10%
4%
15%
3,024
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are…
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Educational distribution
Parents
Non-parents
Sample size
High school or less
23%
77%
2,872
Some college
24%
76%
3,046
College
27%
73%
3,808
Post-graduate degree
31%
69%
3,022
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in God among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say they…
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Educational distribution
Believe in God; absolutely certain
Believe in God; fairly certain
Believe in God; not too/not at all certain
Believe in God; don't know
Do not believe in God
Other/don't know if they believe in God
Sample size
High school or less
44%
23%
9%
1%
21%
3%
2,879
Some college
38%
24%
8%
1%
25%
3%
3,053
College
30%
24%
11%
1%
30%
4%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
29%
26%
12%
1%
27%
5%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say religion is…
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Educational distribution
Very important
Somewhat important
Not too important
Not at all important
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
35%
26%
16%
22%
1%
2,879
Some college
27%
25%
20%
27%
1%
3,053
College
22%
26%
22%
29%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
24%
26%
21%
28%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who attend religious services…
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Educational distribution
At least once a week
Once or twice a month/a few times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
21%
30%
48%
< 1%
2,879
Some college
16%
32%
52%
< 1%
3,053
College
16%
34%
50%
< 1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
19%
35%
46%
< 1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who pray…
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Educational distribution
At least daily
Weekly
Monthly
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
38%
14%
7%
41%
1%
2,879
Some college
34%
13%
7%
45%
1%
3,053
College
28%
12%
7%
52%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
29%
15%
7%
48%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who attend prayer group…
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Educational distribution
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
15%
6%
6%
73%
< 1%
2,879
Some college
11%
5%
6%
78%
< 1%
3,053
College
9%
4%
6%
80%
< 1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
10%
5%
7%
78%
< 1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who meditate…
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Educational distribution
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
34%
8%
4%
53%
1%
2,879
Some college
36%
11%
5%
48%
1%
3,053
College
34%
10%
6%
48%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
36%
11%
7%
45%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
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Educational distribution
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
47%
14%
9%
28%
1%
2,879
Some college
49%
16%
9%
25%
1%
3,053
College
48%
17%
13%
21%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
47%
17%
14%
20%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
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Educational distribution
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
44%
13%
12%
30%
1%
2,879
Some college
52%
16%
12%
20%
1%
3,053
College
50%
17%
16%
16%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
49%
18%
17%
15%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
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Educational distribution
Religion
Philosophy/reason
Common sense
Science
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
19%
11%
56%
11%
2%
2,879
Some college
13%
17%
55%
14%
2%
3,053
College
10%
21%
49%
18%
2%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
11%
23%
43%
21%
3%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say…
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Educational distribution
There are clear standards for what is right and wrong
Right or wrong depends on the situation
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
24%
73%
1%
1%
2,879
Some college
23%
75%
1%
1%
3,053
College
21%
77%
1%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
20%
78%
2%
< 1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who read scripture…
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Educational distribution
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
21%
8%
7%
63%
1%
2,879
Some college
18%
7%
8%
66%
1%
3,053
College
13%
7%
8%
73%
< 1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
14%
8%
9%
70%
< 1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say the holy scripture is…
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Educational distribution
Word of God; should be taken literally
Word of God; not everything taken literally
Word of God; other/don't know
Not the word of God
Other/don't know
Sample size
High school or less
19%
22%
1%
51%
7%
2,879
Some college
9%
18%
1%
65%
7%
3,053
College
4%
15%
1%
74%
6%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
3%
14%
< 1%
75%
7%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who …in heaven
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Educational distribution
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
High school or less
46%
48%
6%
2,879
Some college
39%
55%
5%
3,053
College
30%
64%
6%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
30%
66%
5%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Party affiliation among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who identify as…
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Educational distribution
Republican/lean Rep.
No lean
Democrat/lean Dem.
Sample size
High school or less
29%
28%
43%
2,879
Some college
28%
20%
53%
3,053
College
24%
13%
64%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
21%
10%
69%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Political ideology among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who are…
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Educational distribution
Conservative
Moderate
Liberal
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
28%
33%
29%
10%
2,879
Some college
21%
37%
35%
6%
3,053
College
16%
36%
45%
3%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
12%
34%
51%
2%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who would rather have…
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Educational distribution
Smaller government; fewer services
Bigger government; more services
Depends
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
47%
46%
3%
4%
2,879
Some college
53%
40%
3%
4%
3,053
College
45%
47%
4%
4%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
42%
52%
3%
3%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say government aid to the poor…
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Educational distribution
Does more harm than good
Does more good than harm
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
43%
51%
3%
2%
2,879
Some college
37%
58%
4%
1%
3,053
College
31%
64%
3%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
25%
71%
3%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say abortion should be…
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Educational distribution
Legal in all/most cases
Illegal in all/most cases
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
61%
35%
4%
2,879
Some college
73%
23%
4%
3,053
College
81%
16%
3%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
83%
15%
2%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say homosexuality…
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Educational distribution
Should be accepted
Should be discouraged
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
70%
23%
3%
3%
2,879
Some college
81%
13%
3%
3%
3,053
College
88%
8%
2%
1%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
89%
8%
2%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who …same-sex marriage
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Table
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Educational distribution
Strongly favor/favor
Oppose/strongly oppose
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
62%
29%
9%
2,879
Some college
77%
18%
5%
3,053
College
85%
11%
4%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
86%
11%
4%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say…
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Table
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Educational distribution
Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
37%
56%
2%
5%
2,879
Some college
27%
68%
2%
2%
3,053
College
20%
76%
2%
2%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
17%
81%
2%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults who do not believe in Hell by educational group
% of adults who do not believe in Hell who say humans…
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Table
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Educational distribution
Evolved; due to natural processes
Evolved; due to God's design
Evolved; don't know how
Always existed in present form
Don't know
Sample size
High school or less
44%
19%
4%
29%
5%
2,879
Some college
55%
19%
4%
19%
2%
3,053
College
68%
17%
4%
9%
2%
3,816
Post-graduate degree
71%
16%
5%
8%
1%
3,030
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.