Christians among adults living with a partner
% of adults living with a partner who are…
| Survey year | Christian | All Non-Christians | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 57% | 43% | 2,128 |
| 2007 | 68% | 32% | 1,753 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: Christian, All Non-Christians
Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who are ages…
| Christians | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 33% | 42% | 19% | 7% | 1,169 |
| All Non-Christians | 40% | 42% | 14% | 4% | 935 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by age group
Generational cohort among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who are…
| Christians | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 16% | 27% | 32% | 22% | 4% | < 1% | 1,169 |
| All Non-Christians | 20% | 32% | 30% | 15% | 2% | < 1% | 935 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by generational group
Gender composition among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who are…
| Christians | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 46% | 54% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 53% | 47% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by gender
Racial and ethnic composition among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who identify as…
| Christians | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 52% | 12% | 2% | 29% | 5% | 1,176 |
| All Non-Christians | 70% | 9% | 3% | 13% | 5% | 936 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by race/ethnicity
Immigrant status among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who are…
| Christians | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 21% | 12% | 67% | 1,163 |
| All Non-Christians | 13% | 10% | 78% | 938 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by immigrant status
Income distribution among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who have a household income of…
| Christians | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 49% | 22% | 18% | 11% | 1,085 |
| All Non-Christians | 38% | 23% | 24% | 15% | 878 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by household income
Educational distribution among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who have completed…
| Christians | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 48% | 34% | 12% | 6% | 1,170 |
| All Non-Christians | 35% | 34% | 20% | 11% | 946 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by educational group
Parent of children under 18 among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who are…
| Christians | Parents | Non-parents | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 40% | 60% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 28% | 72% | 943 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by parental status
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say they…
| Christians | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 63% | 29% | 5% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 28% | 24% | 10% | 1% | 32% | 4% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by belief in God
Importance of religion in one's life among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say religion is…
| Christians | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 54% | 36% | 8% | 2% | < 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 13% | 29% | 22% | 36% | 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by importance of religion
Attendance at religious services among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who attend religious services…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 26% | 48% | 26% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 4% | 26% | 70% | < 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by religious attendance
Frequency of prayer among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who pray…
| Christians | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 58% | 20% | 9% | 12% | < 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 23% | 11% | 7% | 58% | < 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by frequency of prayer
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who attend prayer group…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 19% | 11% | 10% | 60% | < 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 5% | 4% | 5% | 86% | < 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by attendance at prayer groups
Frequency of meditation among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who meditate…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 38% | 9% | 6% | 45% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 31% | 10% | 5% | 53% | 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by frequency of meditation
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 56% | 17% | 11% | 15% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 45% | 17% | 10% | 26% | 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 47% | 16% | 14% | 23% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 50% | 16% | 12% | 20% | 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Christians | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 27% | 11% | 52% | 9% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 7% | 18% | 59% | 14% | 2% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say…
| Christians | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 26% | 72% | 1% | 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 19% | 78% | 1% | 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who read scripture…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 32% | 14% | 10% | 44% | < 1% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 8% | 8% | 5% | 78% | < 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say the holy scripture is…
| Christians | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 32% | 30% | 1% | 28% | 10% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 9% | 9% | 1% | 75% | 7% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by interpretation of scripture
Belief in Heaven among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who …in heaven
| Christians | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 82% | 12% | 6% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 41% | 52% | 7% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by belief in heaven
Belief in Hell among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who …in hell
| Christians | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 65% | 27% | 8% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 29% | 64% | 6% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by belief in hell
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who identify as…
| Christians | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 30% | 22% | 48% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 19% | 23% | 58% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by political party
Political ideology among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who are…
| Christians | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 32% | 35% | 27% | 6% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 16% | 34% | 44% | 6% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by political ideology
Views about size of government among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who would rather have…
| Christians | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 40% | 55% | 2% | 3% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 42% | 48% | 5% | 5% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say government aid to the poor…
| Christians | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 40% | 54% | 4% | 2% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 32% | 63% | 4% | 2% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say abortion should be…
| Christians | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 55% | 42% | 4% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 76% | 20% | 4% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by views about abortion
Views about homosexuality among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say homosexuality…
| Christians | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 72% | 21% | 5% | 3% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 88% | 8% | 2% | 1% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by views about homosexuality
Views about same-sex marriage among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who …same-sex marriage
| Christians | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 64% | 29% | 7% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 83% | 12% | 5% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by views about same-sex marriage
Views about environmental regulation among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say…
| Christians | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 37% | 59% | 2% | 2% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 24% | 71% | 2% | 3% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults living with a partner by religion
% of adults living with a partner who say humans…
| Christians | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 31% | 34% | 2% | 29% | 3% | 1,180 |
| All Non-Christians | 64% | 15% | 5% | 15% | 2% | 948 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults living with a partner by views about human evolution
