Christians among adults who do not believe in God
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Survey year | Christian | All Non-Christians | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 7% | 93% | 3,414 |
| 2007 | 13% | 87% | 1,643 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: Christian, All Non-Christians
Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are ages…
| Christians | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 20% | 27% | 31% | 21% | 258 |
| All Non-Christians | 39% | 35% | 15% | 11% | 3,114 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by age group
Generational cohort among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Christians | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 14% | 12% | 22% | 36% | 15% | 2% | 258 |
| All Non-Christians | 27% | 21% | 26% | 19% | 7% | 1% | 3,114 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by generational group
Gender composition among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Christians | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 74% | 26% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 64% | 36% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by gender
Racial and ethnic composition among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who identify as…
| Christians | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 84% | 2% | 3% | 10% | 1% | 263 |
| All Non-Christians | 77% | 3% | 8% | 9% | 3% | 3,109 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by race/ethnicity
Immigrant status among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Christians | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 13% | 12% | 75% | 262 |
| All Non-Christians | 13% | 15% | 72% | 3,114 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by immigrant status
Income distribution among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who have a household income of…
| Christians | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 27% | 15% | 31% | 28% | 235 |
| All Non-Christians | 24% | 19% | 30% | 28% | 2,885 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by household income
Educational distribution among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who have completed…
| Christians | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 40% | 22% | 24% | 13% | 262 |
| All Non-Christians | 28% | 30% | 25% | 17% | 3,141 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by educational group
Marital status among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Christians | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 47% | 9% | 10% | 6% | 28% | 264 |
| All Non-Christians | 38% | 12% | 9% | 2% | 40% | 3,139 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by marital status
Parent of children under 18 among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Christians | Parents | Non-parents | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 21% | 79% | 261 |
| All Non-Christians | 22% | 78% | 3,141 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by parental status
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Importance of religion in one's life among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say religion is…
| Christians | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 10% | 18% | 36% | 36% | < 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 2% | 7% | 22% | 68% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by importance of religion
Attendance at religious services among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who attend religious services…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 9% | 33% | 58% | 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 2% | 16% | 82% | < 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by religious attendance
Frequency of prayer among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who pray…
| Christians | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 9% | 8% | 6% | 77% | < 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 2% | 1% | 3% | 94% | < 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by frequency of prayer
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who attend prayer group…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 3% | 3% | 2% | 92% | < 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 1% | 1% | 2% | 96% | < 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who meditate…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 16% | 6% | 3% | 75% | < 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 19% | 8% | 5% | 67% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by frequency of meditation
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 25% | 10% | 12% | 51% | 2% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 31% | 15% | 9% | 43% | 2% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 35% | 18% | 16% | 30% | 2% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 46% | 17% | 13% | 22% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Christians | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 5% | 12% | 56% | 25% | 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 1% | 20% | 51% | 27% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say…
| Christians | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 22% | 75% | 1% | 2% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 16% | 83% | 1% | < 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who read scripture…
| Christians | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 4% | 4% | 5% | 86% | < 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 2% | 3% | 4% | 91% | < 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say the holy scripture is…
| Christians | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 6% | 6% | < 1% | 84% | 4% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | < 1% | 1% | < 1% | 95% | 3% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who …in heaven
| Christians | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 12% | 84% | 4% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 5% | 92% | 3% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by belief in heaven
Belief in Hell among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who …in hell
| Christians | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 12% | 86% | 3% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 4% | 93% | 3% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by belief in hell
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who identify as…
| Christians | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 40% | 11% | 49% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 17% | 18% | 66% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by political party
Political ideology among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who are…
| Christians | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 26% | 35% | 36% | 3% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 12% | 31% | 51% | 6% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by political ideology
Views about size of government among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who would rather have…
| Christians | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 53% | 43% | 2% | 2% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 42% | 51% | 3% | 3% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say government aid to the poor…
| Christians | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 45% | 52% | 2% | 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 28% | 68% | 3% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say abortion should be…
| Christians | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 83% | 15% | 2% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 86% | 11% | 3% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by views about abortion
Views about homosexuality among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say homosexuality…
| Christians | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 76% | 19% | 2% | 2% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 92% | 5% | 2% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: religion among adults who do not believe in God by views about homosexuality
Views about same-sex marriage among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who …same-sex marriage
| Christians | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 70% | 25% | 5% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 90% | 6% | 3% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say…
| Christians | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 31% | 64% | 1% | 4% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 19% | 78% | 2% | 2% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults who do not believe in God by religion
% of adults who do not believe in God who say humans…
| Christians | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | 72% | 10% | 1% | 15% | 1% | 265 |
| All Non-Christians | 89% | 3% | 1% | 5% | 1% | 3,149 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
