---
title: "How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public"
description: "Even as publics in many of the surveyed Muslim-majority countries express a clear preference for women to dress conservatively, many also say women should be able to decide for themselves what to wear."
date: "2014-01-08"
authors:
  - name: "Jacob Poushter"
    job_title: "Associate Director, Global Attitudes Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/jacob-poushter/"
url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/01/08/what-is-appropriate-attire-for-women-in-muslim-countries/"
categories:
  - "Gender"
  - "Gender & LGBTQ"
  - "Gender & Religion"
  - "Religion & Politics"
---

# How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public

[![FT_styleofdress1314](https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2014/01/FT_styleofdress1314.png)](http://mevs.org/files/tmp/Tunisia_FinalReport.pdf)

***UPDATE: Read [our Q&A with the author of the Univ. of Michigan study](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/01/14/qa-with-author-of-u-mich-study-on-preferred-dress-for-women-in-muslim-countries/) for more information on survey methods and to see how responses differed by gender, age, education and religion.***

An important issue in the Muslim world is how women should dress in public. A [recent survey](http://mevs.org/files/tmp/Tunisia_FinalReport.pdf) from the [University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research](http://home.isr.umich.edu/releases/um-study-tracks-changing-values-in-the-birthplace-of-the-arab-spring/) conducted in seven Muslim-majority countries (Tunisia, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey), finds that most people prefer that a woman completely cover her hair, but not necessarily her face. Only in Turkey and Lebanon do more than one-in-four think it is appropriate for a woman to not cover her head at all in public.

The survey treated the question of women’s dress as a visual preference. Each respondent was given a card depicting six styles of women’s headdress and asked to choose the woman most appropriately outfitted for a public place. Although no labels were included on the card, the styles ranged from a fully-hooded burqa (woman #1) and niqab (#2) to the less conservative hijab (women #4 and #5). There was also the option of a woman wearing no head covering of any type.

Overall, most respondents say woman #4, whose hair and ears are completely covered by a white hijab, is the most appropriately dressed for public. This includes 57% in Tunisia, 52% in Egypt, 46% in Turkey and 44% in Iraq. In Iraq and Egypt, woman #3, whose hair and ears are covered by a more conservative black hijab, is the second most popular choice.

In Pakistan, there is an even split (31% vs. 32%) between woman #3 and woman #2, who is wearing a niqab that exposes only her eyes, while nearly a quarter (24%) choose woman #4. In Saudi Arabia, a 63%-majority prefer woman #2, while an additional 11% say that the burqa worn by woman #1 is the most appropriate style of public dress for women.

In several countries, substantial minorities say it is acceptable for a woman to not cover her hair in public. Roughly a third (32%) of Turks take this view, as do 15% of Tunisians. Nearly half (49%) in Lebanon also agree that it is acceptable for a woman to appear in public without a head covering, although this may partly reflect the fact that the sample in Lebanon was 27% Christian. Demographic information, including results by gender, were not included in the public release of this survey.

[![FT_clothing1314](https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2014/01/FT_clothing1314.png)](http://mevs.org/files/tmp/Tunisia_FinalReport.pdf)

Even as publics in many of the surveyed countries express a clear preference for women to dress conservatively, many also say women should be able to decide for themselves what to wear. This attitude is most prevalent in Tunisia (56%), Turkey (52%) and Lebanon (49%) – all countries where substantial percentages are open to women not covering their heads in public. But nearly as many in Saudi Arabia (47%) also say a women should be free to choose how she dresses. Smaller, but sizable percentages agree in Iraq (27%), Pakistan (22%) and Egypt (14%). What the survey leaves unanswered is whether respondents think social or cultural norms will guide women in their choice to wear more conservative or less conservative attire in public.