DemographicInformation

Age distribution among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are ages…

Survey year18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
201434%40%19%7%505
200723%44%23%10%150
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…

Survey yearYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
201421%19%34%21%5%< 1%505
2007< 1%17%39%30%13%1%150
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…

Survey yearMenWomenSample size
201456%44%510
200762%38%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who identify as…

Survey yearWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
201461%7%6%20%6%497
200766%2%7%23%3%152
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…

Survey yearImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
201420%13%67%505
200724%11%65%152
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who have a household income of…

Survey yearLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
201429%16%24%31%467
200727%25%21%26%132
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who have completed…

Survey yearHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
201428%28%27%17%507
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…

Survey yearMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
201447%12%8%1%32%507
200752%8%13%3%24%152
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…

Survey yearParentsNon-parentsSample size
201432%68%509
200737%63%153
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say they…

Survey yearBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
201420%17%9%1%47%7%510
200734%18%8%2%33%6%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say religion is…

Survey yearVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
20149%15%20%55%1%510
200714%22%18%43%2%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who attend religious services…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
20142%19%79%< 1%510
20076%21%72%1%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who pray…

Survey yearAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201416%10%3%72%< 1%510
200729%7%5%58%1%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who attend prayer group…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
20143%2%2%93%< 1%510
20076%2%3%89%1%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who meditate…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201434%12%5%47%1%510
200740%3%2%53%1%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201469%10%6%14%1%510
200766%9%10%14%2%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say…

Survey yearThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201417%81%1%2%510
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who read scripture…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
20144%5%6%84%1%510
200713%3%5%79%1%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say the holy scripture is…

Survey yearWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
20144%6%< 1%86%3%510
20077%6%< 1%74%11%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who …in heaven

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201420%71%9%510
200731%59%10%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who …in hell

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201414%78%7%510
200723%72%5%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who identify as…

Survey yearRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
201416%22%63%510
200722%19%59%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…

Survey yearConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
201411%33%53%3%510
200717%32%37%13%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who would rather have…

Survey yearSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
201441%52%4%3%510
200732%55%5%8%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say government aid to the poor…

Survey yearDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201428%68%3%2%510
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say abortion should be…

Survey yearLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
201481%14%5%510
200779%16%5%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say homosexuality…

Survey yearShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201488%8%2%1%510
200777%15%3%4%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who …same-sex marriage

Survey yearStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
201484%12%3%510
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say…

Survey yearStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201417%77%4%2%510
200721%75%2%2%154
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong

% of the Unaffiliated adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say humans…

Survey yearEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
201477%9%4%9%1%510
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.