Educational distribution among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by religious group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who have completed…

Religious traditionHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
Buddhist22%29%27%22%167
Catholic45%28%16%11%3,045
Evangelical Protestant42%36%15%8%4,223
Historically Black Protestant56%30%9%5%811
Jehovah's Witness63%25%9%4%158
Jewish16%23%29%32%359
Mainline Protestant33%30%20%16%2,745
Mormon26%39%24%12%336
Muslim39%28%19%14%129
Unaffiliated (religious "nones")34%35%19%11%3,620
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Learn More: High school or less, Some college, College, Post-graduate degree

DemographicInformation

Age distribution among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are ages…

Educational distribution18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
High school or less24%29%27%20%4,495
Some college30%30%25%15%4,527
College18%37%29%16%4,207
Post-graduate degree8%39%32%22%2,907
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are…

Educational distributionYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
High school or less18%11%25%31%14%2%4,495
Some college20%16%24%30%9%1%4,527
College8%18%29%35%9%1%4,207
Post-graduate degree1%13%32%39%14%1%2,907
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are…

Educational distributionMenWomenSample size
High school or less50%50%4,549
Some college49%51%4,586
College48%52%4,303
Post-graduate degree47%53%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who identify as…

Educational distributionWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
High school or less55%14%2%26%4%4,499
Some college67%12%2%13%6%4,512
College76%7%5%8%4%4,228
Post-graduate degree79%7%5%6%4%2,931
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are…

Educational distributionImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
High school or less22%10%69%4,465
Some college10%12%78%4,538
College12%10%78%4,280
Post-graduate degree13%11%77%2,960
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who have a household income of…

Educational distributionLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
High school or less54%21%18%7%3,864
Some college36%23%27%14%4,053
College16%18%35%31%3,820
Post-graduate degree10%12%34%44%2,638
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are…

Educational distributionMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
High school or less41%8%14%9%28%4,534
Some college41%9%15%6%29%4,569
College57%8%11%4%21%4,274
Post-graduate degree66%5%10%5%14%2,973
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are…

Educational distributionParentsNon-parentsSample size
High school or less27%73%4,538
Some college26%74%4,575
College29%71%4,288
Post-graduate degree29%71%2,970
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say they…

Educational distributionBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
High school or less69%19%4%1%6%1%4,549
Some college66%17%5%1%9%2%4,586
College59%17%6%< 1%14%3%4,303
Post-graduate degree57%19%6%1%13%4%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say religion is…

Educational distributionVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
High school or less65%20%7%8%1%4,549
Some college55%22%11%12%1%4,586
College51%21%12%15%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree52%20%12%15%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who attend religious services…

Educational distributionAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
High school or less42%29%28%< 1%4,549
Some college35%33%31%< 1%4,586
College39%30%30%< 1%4,303
Post-graduate degree41%30%29%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who pray…

Educational distributionAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
High school or less65%14%4%16%1%4,549
Some college61%13%5%21%1%4,586
College58%12%4%25%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree58%13%4%25%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who attend prayer group…

Educational distributionAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
High school or less34%11%7%48%1%4,549
Some college28%9%7%56%< 1%4,586
College26%8%9%56%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree25%8%9%57%< 1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who meditate…

Educational distributionAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
High school or less55%8%3%33%2%4,549
Some college51%9%3%35%1%4,586
College51%9%5%33%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree55%10%4%30%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

Educational distributionAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
High school or less73%12%5%9%1%4,549
Some college71%13%6%10%1%4,586
College72%13%5%8%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree71%13%6%9%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Educational distributionReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
High school or less40%9%41%7%2%4,549
Some college34%13%41%8%3%4,586
College33%17%35%12%3%4,303
Post-graduate degree31%18%33%14%4%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say…

Educational distributionThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
High school or less32%64%2%2%4,549
Some college36%62%2%1%4,586
College36%62%1%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree33%63%3%< 1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who read scripture…

Educational distributionAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
High school or less48%10%7%34%1%4,549
Some college42%10%8%40%1%4,586
College37%9%8%45%1%4,303
Post-graduate degree37%10%9%43%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say the holy scripture is…

Educational distributionWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
High school or less44%22%3%25%7%4,549
Some college27%27%2%36%8%4,586
College20%27%2%45%6%4,303
Post-graduate degree15%26%3%48%8%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who …in heaven

Educational distributionBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
High school or less77%16%7%4,549
Some college69%22%8%4,586
College59%32%9%4,303
Post-graduate degree55%35%10%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who …in hell

Educational distributionBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
High school or less64%28%9%4,549
Some college57%35%7%4,586
College45%46%9%4,303
Post-graduate degree38%52%10%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who identify as…

Educational distributionRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
High school or less34%23%43%4,549
Some college38%20%43%4,586
College39%13%48%4,303
Post-graduate degree33%11%55%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who are…

Educational distributionConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
High school or less41%29%22%8%4,549
Some college36%33%25%6%4,586
College33%33%31%3%4,303
Post-graduate degree27%34%36%3%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who would rather have…

Educational distributionSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
High school or less45%48%3%4%4,549
Some college57%35%4%4%4,586
College55%38%3%4%4,303
Post-graduate degree50%43%4%3%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say government aid to the poor…

Educational distributionDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
High school or less43%50%4%3%4,549
Some college45%50%4%2%4,586
College41%53%4%2%4,303
Post-graduate degree33%61%4%1%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say abortion should be…

Educational distributionLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
High school or less43%52%5%4,549
Some college53%42%4%4,586
College60%37%3%4,303
Post-graduate degree64%33%3%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say homosexuality…

Educational distributionShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
High school or less54%38%4%4%4,549
Some college62%30%4%3%4,586
College68%26%4%2%4,303
Post-graduate degree73%21%4%2%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who …same-sex marriage

Educational distributionStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
High school or less44%47%9%4,549
Some college56%37%7%4,586
College63%32%5%4,303
Post-graduate degree67%27%5%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say…

Educational distributionStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
High school or less42%50%2%5%4,549
Some college37%58%3%2%4,586
College31%65%3%2%4,303
Post-graduate degree24%72%2%2%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week by educational group

% of adults who feel a deep sense of wonder about the universe at least once a week who say humans…

Educational distributionEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
High school or less26%24%4%40%6%4,549
Some college31%27%4%34%3%4,586
College42%25%4%26%3%4,303
Post-graduate degree47%24%6%20%3%2,988
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.