Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who are ages…
| Parent of children under 18 | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 21% | 67% | 11% | 1% | 2,310 |
| Non-parents | 38% | 26% | 23% | 13% | 7,494 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by age group
Generational cohort among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 8% | 27% | 52% | 11% | 1% | < 1% | 2,310 |
| Non-parents | 26% | 19% | 19% | 27% | 8% | 1% | 7,494 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by generational group
Gender composition among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 50% | 50% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 59% | 41% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by gender
Racial and ethnic composition among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who identify as…
| Parent of children under 18 | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 62% | 11% | 9% | 14% | 5% | 2,306 |
| Non-parents | 69% | 8% | 8% | 11% | 5% | 7,481 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by race/ethnicity
Immigrant status among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 21% | 8% | 70% | 2,299 |
| Non-parents | 14% | 15% | 71% | 7,514 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by immigrant status
Income distribution among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who have a household income of…
| Parent of children under 18 | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 31% | 16% | 27% | 27% | 2,182 |
| Non-parents | 32% | 21% | 26% | 21% | 6,673 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by household income
Educational distribution among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who have completed…
| Parent of children under 18 | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 34% | 30% | 20% | 16% | 2,335 |
| Non-parents | 36% | 32% | 19% | 13% | 7,602 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by educational group
Marital status among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 63% | 11% | 11% | 1% | 14% | 2,334 |
| Non-parents | 31% | 11% | 11% | 4% | 43% | 7,586 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by marital status
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say they…
| Parent of children under 18 | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 37% | 24% | 10% | 1% | 24% | 5% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 28% | 22% | 12% | 1% | 31% | 6% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by belief in God
Importance of religion in one's life among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say religion is…
| Parent of children under 18 | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 23% | 26% | 22% | 28% | 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 16% | 23% | 24% | 35% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by importance of religion
Attendance at religious services among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who attend religious services…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 10% | 31% | 58% | < 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 7% | 26% | 66% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by religious attendance
Frequency of prayer among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who pray…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 28% | 14% | 7% | 50% | 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 23% | 11% | 7% | 58% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by frequency of prayer
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who attend prayer group…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 9% | 6% | 7% | 77% | < 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 6% | 4% | 5% | 84% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by attendance at prayer groups
Frequency of meditation among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who meditate…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 31% | 9% | 4% | 55% | 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 29% | 10% | 6% | 54% | 2% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by frequency of meditation
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 46% | 16% | 10% | 26% | 2% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 41% | 16% | 11% | 30% | 2% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 45% | 18% | 13% | 24% | 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 49% | 15% | 12% | 23% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Parent of children under 18 | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 11% | 14% | 56% | 16% | 3% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 8% | 19% | 54% | 16% | 3% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say…
| Parent of children under 18 | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 23% | 75% | 1% | 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 19% | 78% | 2% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who read scripture…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 15% | 7% | 7% | 70% | 1% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 11% | 6% | 6% | 76% | 1% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by frequency of reading scripture
Interpreting scripture among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say the holy scripture is…
| Parent of children under 18 | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 13% | 14% | 1% | 63% | 9% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 9% | 11% | 1% | 71% | 8% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by interpretation of scripture
Belief in Heaven among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who …in heaven
| Parent of children under 18 | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 46% | 45% | 9% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 37% | 53% | 10% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by belief in heaven
Belief in Hell among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who …in hell
| Parent of children under 18 | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 34% | 58% | 7% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 26% | 66% | 9% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by belief in hell
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who identify as…
| Parent of children under 18 | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 24% | 26% | 50% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 22% | 21% | 57% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by political party
Political ideology among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 20% | 36% | 35% | 8% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 17% | 35% | 41% | 7% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by political ideology
Views about size of government among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who would rather have…
| Parent of children under 18 | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 43% | 50% | 3% | 4% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 46% | 46% | 4% | 4% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by views about size of government
Views about government aid to the poor among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say government aid to the poor…
| Parent of children under 18 | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 36% | 58% | 4% | 2% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 34% | 60% | 4% | 2% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say abortion should be…
| Parent of children under 18 | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 68% | 28% | 4% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 75% | 20% | 4% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by views about abortion
Views about homosexuality among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say homosexuality…
| Parent of children under 18 | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 79% | 16% | 3% | 3% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 82% | 13% | 3% | 3% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by views about homosexuality
Views about same-sex marriage among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who …same-sex marriage
| Parent of children under 18 | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 74% | 20% | 7% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 78% | 16% | 6% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by views about same-sex marriage
Views about environmental regulation among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say…
| Parent of children under 18 | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 27% | 68% | 3% | 2% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 26% | 69% | 2% | 3% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by views about environmental protection
Views about human evolution among Non-Christians by parental status
% of Non-Christians who say humans…
| Parent of children under 18 | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 56% | 18% | 4% | 19% | 3% | 2,341 |
| Non-parents | 63% | 14% | 5% | 15% | 3% | 7,641 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: parental status among Non-Christians by views about human evolution
