--- title: "Appendix B: Data sources by country" description: "The list of general sources below provides bibliographic information for data sources used to inform estimates of educational attainment by religion. Most data were acquired directly from the organizations that collected them, but, in some cases, data were obtained from data archives. The list of archives from which data were obtained appears after the general […]" date: "2016-12-13" authors: - name: "Travis Mitchell" url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/12/13/appendix-b-data-sources-by-country/" categories: - "Buddhism" - "Christianity" - "Education" - "Hinduism" - "Islam" - "Judaism" - "Religion & Politics" --- # Appendix B: Data sources by country The list of general sources below provides bibliographic information for data sources used to inform estimates of educational attainment by religion. Most data were acquired directly from the organizations that collected them, but, in some cases, data were obtained from data archives. The list of archives from which data were obtained appears after the general sources. The subsequent list of sources by country provides abbreviated bibliographical information identifying the primary sources used to estimate differences in educational attainment by religion in 151 countries. As described in the Methodology, some adjustments to these initial estimates have been made to ensure measures of educational attainment are consistent with the highest quality country level estimates of attainment levels in the general population. This report is based on information collected from 131 countries about differences in educational attainment by religion. For an additional 16 countries in which at least 95% of the total population identifies with one religious group (based on Pew Research Center’s 2015 report “[The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050](https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/)”), values available for the general population are used to describe educational attainment in the group constituting the overwhelming majority of the population. In these cases, country level estimates are based on 2010 educational attainment estimates taken from population projections by age, sex and education carried out by researchers at the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (WIC).[82. numoffset="82" Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital is a collaboration between IIASA, Vienna Institute of Demography at Austrian Academy of Science, and University of Economics and Business (WU) in Vienna. WIC projections, including the data used in this report (version 1.2), are available at [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/dataexplorer/index.html](http://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/dataexplorer/index.html) and are published in Lutz, Wolfgang, William P. Butz and Samir KC, eds. 2014. “World Population and Human Capital in the 21st Century.”] Finally, data for Muslims in Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar reflect only educational attainment for citizens of these Gulf countries. Educational attainment of citizens is used as a proxy for Muslim attainment because citizens overwhelmingly identify as Muslim. Although these countries also have large non-citizen populations, including Muslims and non-Muslims, breakdowns of educational attainment by religion of the non-citizen populations are not available. At the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, researchers Michaela Potančoková and Marcin Stonawski compiled and standardized education data from these sources, in collaboration with Pew Research Center researchers. ### General sources Asian Barometer. The Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica and the Institute for Advanced Studies of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Taiwan University. [http://www.asianbarometer.org/](http://www.asianbarometer.org/). Demographic and Health Surveys. MEASURE DHS. Administered by Macro International. [http://www.dhsprogram.com/](http://www.dhsprogram.com/). European Social Survey. Led by Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University. [http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/](http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/). European Values Study. Administered by the European Values Study Foundation at Tilburg University. [http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/](http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/). Generations & Gender Programme: Survey Instruments. United Nations. [http://www.unece.org/pau/ggp/welcome.html](http://www.unece.org/pau/ggp/welcome.html). International Social Survey Program. ISSP Research Group, GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. [http://www.gesis.org/en/issp/issp-home/](http://www.gesis.org/en/issp/issp-home/). Latinobarómetro. Administered by the Corporación Latinobarómetro. [http://www.latinobarometro.org/](http://www.latinobarometro.org/). Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey. United Nations Children’s Fund. [http://www.childinfo.org/mics.html](http://www.childinfo.org/mics.html). Reproductive Health Survey. Administered by the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) at the University of Washington. [http://www.healthdata.org/about/ghdx/](http://www.healthdata.org/about/ghdx/). The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050. Pew Research Center. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/](https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/) Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections. The World Population Program of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (VID/ÖAW), the Demography Group and the Research Institute on Human Capital and Development of the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU). [http://www.wittgensteincentre.org/en/index.htm](http://www.wittgensteincentre.org/en/index.htm). ### Data archives Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). Pennsylvania State University. [http://www.thearda.com/](http://www.thearda.com/). Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS). [http://www.esds.ac.uk/](http://www.esds.ac.uk/). Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International (IPUMS). Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota. [https://international.ipums.org/international/](https://international.ipums.org/international/). ZACAT Data Archive for the Social Sciences. GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. [http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/](http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/). Redatam Informa. Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeno de Demografia (CELADE/CEPAL), Santiago de Chile. http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/redatam/noticias/paginas/5/14185/P14185.xml&xsl=/redatam/tpl/p18f.xsl&base=/redatam/tpl/top-bottom.xsl%20. ### Data sources by country **Afghanistan:** Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010-2011 **Albania:** Census 2011 **Algeria:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Algeria Family Health Survey 2002-2003) **Argentina:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Armenia:** Census 2011 **Aruba:** Census 2010 **Australia:** Census 2011 **Austria:** Census 2001 **Azerbaijan:** Census 2009 **Bahamas:** Census 2010 **Bahrain:** Census 2010 **Bangladesh:** Census 2011 **Belgium:** European Social Survey 2008-2012 **Belize:** Census 2010 **Benin:** Demographic and Health Survey 2011-2012 **Bolivia:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Brazil:** Census 2010 **Bulgaria:** Census 2001/Census 2011 **Burkina Faso:** Census 2006 **Burundi:** Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011 **Cambodia:** Census 2008 **Cameroon:** Census 2005 **Canada:** Census 2001 **Cape Verde:** Reproductive Health Survey 1998 **Chad:** Demographic and Health Survey 2004 **Chile:** Census 2002 **China:** Spiritual Life Study of Chinese Residents 2007 **Colombia:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Comoros:** Demographic and Health Survey 2012 **Costa Rica:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Croatia:** Census 2011 **Czech Republic:** Census 2011 **Democratic Republic of the Congo:** Demographic and Health Survey 2013-2014 **Denmark:** European Social Survey 2008-2012 **Dominican Republic:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Ecuador:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Egypt:** Census 2006 **El Salvador:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Estonia:** Census 2011 **Ethiopia:** Census 2007 **Federated States of Micronesia:** Census 2010 **Fiji:** Census 2007 **Finland:** Population Register 2010 **France:** Generations and Gender Survey 2005 **Gabon:** Demographic and Health Survey 2012 **Gambia:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000) **Georgia:** Generations and Gender Survey 2006 **Germany:** Generations and Gender Survey 2005/Generations and Gender Survey Germany-Turkish subsample 2006 **Ghana:** Census 2010 **Greece:** European Social Survey 2008-2010 **Guadeloupe:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2008) **Guatemala:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Guyana:** Census 2002 **Haiti:** Census 2003 **Honduras:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Hong Kong:** Asian Barometer Survey 2001-2012 **Hungary:** Census 2011 **Iceland:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Labour Force Survey 2010) **India:** India Human Development Survey-II 2011-2012 **Indonesia:** Census 2010 **Iran:** Census 2006 **Iraq:** Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2011 **Ireland:** Census 2011 **Israel:** Census 2008 **Italy:** European Values Study 2008 2009 **Ivory Coast:** Demographic and Health Survey 2011-2012 **Jamaica:** Census 2001 **Japan:** Japanese General Social Survey 2006-2010 **Kazakhstan:** Global Islam Survey 2011-2012 **Kenya:** Demographic and Health Survey 2008-2009 **Kosovo:** Census 2011 **Kuwait:** Census 2011 **Kyrgyzstan:** Global Islam Survey 2011-2012 **Latvia:** International Social Survey Programme 2008-2012 **Lesotho:** Demographic and Health Survey 2009 **Liberia:** Census 2008 **Lithuania:** Census 2011 **Madagascar:** Demographic and Health Survey 2008-2009 **Malawi:** Census 2008 **Malaysia:** Census 2010 **Maldives:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2006) **Mali:** Census 2009 **Malta:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Labour Force Survey 2010) **Martinique:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2008) **Mauritius:** Census 2011 **Mexico:** Census 2010 **Moldova:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2004) **Mongolia:** Census 2010 **Montenegro:** Census 2011 **Morocco:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2004) **Mozambique:** Demographic and Health Survey 2011 **Namibia:** Demographic and Health Survey 2013 **Nepal:** Census 2011 **Netherlands:** Generations and Gender Survey 2002-2004 **New Zealand:** Census 2013 **Nicaragua:** Census 2005 **Niger:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Demographic and Health Survey 2006) **Nigeria:** General household Survey 2010/ Demographic and Health Survey 2013 **Norway:** Generations and Gender Survey Norway 2007-2008 **Pakistan:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 1998) **Palestinian territories:** Census 2007 (Data for the West Bank only) **Panama:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Paraguay:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Peru:** Census 2007 **Philippines:** Census 2000 **Poland:** European Social Survey 2008-2012 **Portugal:** Census 2011 **Puerto Rico:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2000) **Qatar:** Census 2010 **Republic of the Congo:** Demographic and Health Survey 2011-2012 **Romania:** Census 2002 **Russia:** Generations and Gender Survey Russia 2004 **Rwanda:** Census 2002 **Samoa:** Census 2011 **Saudi Arabia:** Census 2004 (sample restricted to Saudi citizens only)** **Senegal:** Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011 **Serbia:** Census 2011 **Sierra Leone:** Census 2004 **Singapore:** Census 2010 **Slovakia:** Census 2011 **Slovenia:** Census 2002 **Somalia:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006) **South Africa:** Census 2001 **South Korea:** Census 2005 **Spain:** Census 2011/ Barómetro autonómico II 2010 **St. Lucia:** Census 2010 **St. Vincent and the Grenadines:** Census 2001 **Swaziland:** Demographic and Health Survey 2006-2007 **Sweden:** Generations and Gender Survey 2012-2013 **Switzerland:** Census 2000 **Taiwan:** Asian Barometer Survey 2001, 2006, 2010 **Tajikistan:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Living Standards Measurement Survey 2009) **Tanzania:** Demographic and Health Survey 2004-2005 **Thailand:** Census 2000 **Timor-Leste:** Census 2010 **Togo:** Demographic and Health Survey 2013-2014 **Tonga:** Census 2011 **Trinidad and Tobago:** Census 2011 **Tunisia:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on National Survey on Population and Employment 2010) **Turkey:** Wittgenstein Centre Human Capital Projections 2010* (based on Census 2000) **Uganda:** Census 2002 **United Kingdom:** Census 2011 **United States:** Religious Landscape Study, 2014/ Jewish Americans Survey, 2013/ Muslim Americans Survey, 2011/ Asian Americans Survey, 2012 **Uruguay:** Extended National Survey of Homes (ENHA) 2006 **Uzbekistan:** Life in Transition II 2010 **Vanuatu:** Census 2009 **Venezuela:** Latinobarómetro 2000-2010 **Vietnam:** Census 1999 **Yemen:** Yemen National Social Protection and Monitoring Survey 2012-2013 **Zambia:** Census 2010 **Zimbabwe:** Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011 * Data on educational attainment by religion was not available, but at least 95% of the total population identified with one religious group (based on Pew Research Center’s 2015 report The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050). The data on education for the total population comes from population projections carried out by researchers at WIC.[83. KC, Samir, Michaela Potančoková, Ramon Bauer, Anne Goujon and Erich Striessnig. 2014. “Data and Methods.” In Lutz, Wolfgang, William P. Butz and Samir KC, eds. “World Population and Human Capital in the 21st Century.”] For more details see: [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/dataexplorer/index.html](http://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/dataexplorer/index.html) ** Data on educational attainment by religion was not available. Although the total Saudi population is estimated to be 93% Muslim, the Saudi citizen population is expected to be more than 95% Muslim. Educational attainment calculated for Saudi citizen population only.