---
title: "Appendix E: References"
description: "Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. 2014. “How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters.” Comparative political studies, 47(9), 1324-1353. Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. 2014. “Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems.” Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037-1065. Hallin, D. C., & […]"
date: "2018-05-14"
authors:
  - name: "Amy Mitchell"
    job_title: "Former Director, Journalism Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/amy-mitchell/"
  - name: "Katie Simmons"
    job_title: "Former Associate Director, Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/katie-simmons/"
  - name: "Katerina Eva Matsa"
    job_title: "Director, News and Information Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/katerina-eva-matsa/"
  - name: "Laura Silver"
    job_title: "Associate Director, Global Attitudes Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/laura-silver/"
  - name: "Elisa Shearer"
    job_title: "Senior Researcher"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/elisa-shearer/"
  - name: "Courtney Johnson"
    job_title: "Former Research Associate"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/courtney-johnson/"
  - name: "Mason Walker"
    job_title: "Former Research Analyst"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/mason-walker/"
  - name: "Kyle Taylor"
    job_title: "Former Research Analyst"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/kyle-taylor/"
url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2018/05/14/media-western-europe-references/"
datasets:
  - name: "Fall 2017 Media and Politics in Western Europe Survey"
    url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/dataset/fall-2017-media-and-politics-in-western-europe-survey/"
---

# Appendix E: References

Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. 2014. “How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters.” Comparative political studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.

Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. 2014. “Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems.” Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037-1065.

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (Eds.). 2004. “Comparing media systems beyond the Western world.” Cambridge University Press.

Schulz, A., Müller, P., Schemer, C., Wirz, D. S., Wettstein, M., & Wirth, W. 2017. “Measuring populist attitudes on three dimensions.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research.

Spruyt, B., Keppens, G., & Van Droogenbroeck, F. 2016. “Who supports populism and what attracts people to it?” Political Research Quarterly, 69(2), 335-346.

Stanley, B. 2011. “Populism, nationalism, or national populism? An analysis of Slovak voting behaviour at the 2010 parliamentary election.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 44(4), 257-270.