---
title: "Appendix D: References"
description: "Ahlander, Johan and Mansoor Yosufzai. July 13, 2017. “Sweden intensifies crackdown on illegal immigrants.” Reuters. Albano, Alessandro, Veronica Corsini and Andrea Gereöffy. 2015. “Demographic statistics: A review of definitions and methods of collection in 44 European countries.” Annunziata, Marco. April 14, 2018. “Twenty years and nothing to show for it: Italy’s broken economic model.” Forbes. […]"
date: "2019-11-13"
authors:
  - name: "Phillip Connor"
    job_title: "Former Senior Researcher"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/phillip-connor/"
  - name: "Jeffrey S. Passel"
    job_title: "Senior Demographer"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/jeffrey-s-passel/"
url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/11/13/eu-unauthorized-immigrants-appendix-d-references/"
categories:
  - "Immigrant Populations"
  - "Immigration & Migration"
  - "Unauthorized Immigration"
---

# Appendix D: References

Ahlander, Johan and Mansoor Yosufzai. July 13, 2017. “[Sweden intensifies crackdown on illegal immigrants](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-immigration-crackdown/sweden-intensifies-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-idUSKBN19Y0G8).” Reuters.

Albano, Alessandro, Veronica Corsini and Andrea Gereöffy. 2015. “[Demographic statistics: A review of definitions and methods of collection in 44 European countries](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/6851536/KS-GQ-15-002-EN-N/7d6ba1c1-fa04-464b-89ff-ec8796b2db5d).”

Annunziata, Marco. April 14, 2018. “[Twenty years and nothing to show for it: Italy’s broken economic model](https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcoannunziata/2018/04/14/twenty-years-and-nothing-to-show-for-it-italys-broken-economic-model/#2fd7ac9411a3).” Forbes.

Berglund, Nina. July 31, 2017. “[Life ‘too difficult’ in Norway for ‘illegals’](https://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/07/31/life-too-difficult-for-illegal-aliens/).” News in English.

Bibbo, Barbara. Oct. 22, 2018. “[Border tensions boil over as France ‘dumps’ migrants in Italy](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/border-tensions-boil-france-dumps-migrants-italy-181022113500924.html).” Al Jazeera.

Centre d’Observation de la Société. March 12, 2018. “[Combien de sans-papiers en France?](http://www.observationsociete.fr/population/combien-de-sans-papiers-en-france.html)”

Cesareo, Vincenzo, ed. 2019. “[The twenty-fourth Italian report on migrations 2018](http://www.ismu.org/en/the-twenty-fourth-italian-report-on-migrations-2018/).” Fondazione Iniziative e Studi Sulla Multietnicità.

Clandestino. 2009. “[Database on irregular migration](http://irregular-migration.net/).”

Clandestino. 2009. “[Definitions](http://irregular-migration.net/index.php?id=186).”

Clandestino. October 2009. “[Size and development of irregular migration to the EU](http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/groups/31/4.Background_Information/4.2.Policy_Briefs_EN/ComparativePolicyBrief_SizeOfIrregularMigration_Clandestino_Nov09_2.pdf).”

Cohn, D’Vera. June 20, 2013. “[Lessons from the German census](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2013/06/20/lessons-from-the-german-census/).” Pew Research Center.

Connor, Phillip. Sept. 19, 2019. “[A majority of Europeans favor taking in refugees, but most disapprove of EU’s handling of the issue](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/09/19/a-majority-of-europeans-favor-taking-in-refugees-but-most-disapprove-of-eus-handling-of-the-issue/).” Pew Research Center.

Connor, Phillip. Sept. 18, 2018. “[The most common Mediterranean migration paths into Europe have changed since 2009](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/09/18/the-most-common-mediterranean-migration-paths-into-europe-have-changed-since-2009/).” Pew Research Center.

Connor, Phillip. Sept. 20, 2017. “[Still in Limbo: About a Million Asylum Seekers Await Word on Whether They Can Call Europe Home](https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/09/20/a-million-asylum-seekers-await-word-on-whether-they-can-call-europe-home/).” Pew Research Center.

Connor, Phillip. Aug. 2, 2016. “[Number of Refugees to Europe Surges to Record 1.3 Million in 2015](https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/08/02/number-of-refugees-to-europe-surges-to-record-1-3-million-in-2015/).” Pew Research Center.

de Vogue, Ariane. Aug. 20, 2019. “[Justice Dept. tells Supreme Court decision to end DACA was lawful](https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/politics/justice-department-deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals-supreme-court/index.html).” CNN.

Destatis. 2019. “[Migration and integration](https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/_node.html).” Destatis

European Commission. 2019. “[Asylum procedures](https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/asylum/common-procedures_en).”

European Commission. 2019. “[Country responsible for asylum application (Dublin)](https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/asylum/examination-of-applicants_en).”

European Commission. 2019. “[Irregular migration](https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/glossary_search/irregular-migration_en).”

European Commission. 2019. “[Non-EU nationals](https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=470&langId=en).”

European Commission. 2019. “[Subsidiary protection status](https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/e-library/glossary/subsidiary-protection-status_en).”

European Commission. 2019. “[Subsidiary protection](https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/e-library/glossary/subsidiary-protection_en).”

European Commission. 2019. “[Third-country national](https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/glossary_search/third-country-national_en).”

Eurostat. September 13, 2019. “[All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year](http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_resvalid&lang=en).”

Eurostat. 2019. “[European Union Labour Force Survey (EU LFS)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/microdata/european-union-labour-force-survey).”

Eurostat. October 3, 2019. “[Persons subject of asylum applications pending at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex monthly data (rounded)](http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_asypenctzm&lang=en).”

Eurostat. September 25, 2019. “[Population on 1 January by age, group, sex and citizenship](http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_pop1ctz&lang=en).”

Eurostat. 2019. “[Residence permits (migr_res): Reference metadata](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/migr_res_esms.htm) in Euro SDMX Metadata Structure (ESMS).”

Eurostat. April 25, 2019. “[EU member states granted protection to more than 300,000 asylum seekers in 2018](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9747530/3-25042019-BP-EN.pdf/22635b8a-4b9c-4ba9-a5c8-934ca02de496).”

Ghio, Daniela and Gian Carlo Blangiardo. May 3, 2019. “[Exploring the link between irregular migration and asylum: the case of Italy](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41118-019-0060-3).” Genus.

Secretaría de Estado de Migraciones. 2019. “[Autorizaciones de residencia por circunstancias excepcionales](http://extranjeros.mitramiss.gob.es/es/InformacionInteres/InformacionProcedimientos/Ciudadanosnocomunitarios/Autorizresiexcep.html).” Gobierno de Espana.

Gomez, Alan and David Jackson. Jan. 19, 2019. “[DACA, DREAMers, TPS? Who are they, what do they have to do with Trump, the wall and the shutdown?](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/19/daca-dreamers-tps-who-are-they-trump-wall-government-shutdown/2626156002/)” USA Today.

Gonzalez-Barrera and Phillip Connor. March 14, 2019. “[Around the World, More Say Immigrants Are a Strength Than a Burden](https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/03/14/around-the-world-more-say-immigrants-are-a-strength-than-a-burden/).” Pew Research Center.

González-Ferrer, Amparo and Francisco Javier Moreno-Fuentes. Dec. 17, 2017. “[Back to the Suitcase? Emigration during the Great Recession in Spain](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13608746.2017.1413051).” South European Society and Politics.

Gopalakrishnan, Manasi. Nov. 2, 2017. “[When an asylum request is rejected](https://www.dw.com/cda/en/when-an-asylum-request-is-rejected/a-41208151).” Deutsche Welle.

Gordon, Ian, Kathleen Scanlon, Tony Travers and Christine Whitehead. May 2009. “[Economic impact on the London and UK economy of an earned regularization of irregular migrants to the UK](https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/irregular-migrants-report.pdf).” Greater London Authority.

Gouvernement de France. 2019. “[Qu’estice que la régularisation d’un étranger par le travail?](https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F16053)”

Jandl, Michael, Dita Vogel and Krystyna Iglicka. “[Report on methodological issues](http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/groups/31/4.Background_Information/4.1.Methodology/Methodological_Issues_Clandestino_Report__Nov09_2.pdf).” Clandestino.

Jauhiainen, Jussi S., Katri Gadd and Justus Jokela. January 2018. “[Undocumented migrants in Finland in 2017](http://urmi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PAPERITTOMAT-SUOMESSA-2017.pdf).” University of Turku.

Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. Oct. 8, 2019. “[Immigrés, étrangers](https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3633212#comment-insee-mesure).”

König, Alexandra. 2014. “[Regularisations and Employment in France REGANE assessment report](http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Project_material/REGANE/REGANE_Assessment_France_Final_uploaded.pdf).” International Centre for Migration Policy Development.

Lanzieri, Giampaolo. Oct. 5, 2018. “[Comparability of migration and residence permits data in the EU statistics](https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.10/2018/mtg1/Eurostat_Integration_ENG.pdf).” United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

Lemaître, Georges. May 18, 2017. “[A general method for estimating the number of unauthorized immigrants using standard data sources](https://gmdac.iom.int/sites/default/files/presentations/irregular%20migration/Georges%20Lemaitre.pdf).” International Organization for Migration’s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre.

Les Echos. Nov. 8, 2017. “[300.000 étrangers en situation irrégulière en France, selon Gerard Collomb](https://www.lesechos.fr/2017/11/300000-etrangers-en-situation-irreguliere-en-france-selon-gerard-collomb-186468).” Les Echos.

Marcelli, Enrico A. and Paul M. Ong. May 10, 2002. “[The contribution of unauthorized and legal Mexican immigrants to the census undercount in Los Angeles county](https://paa2002.princeton.edu/abstracts/61277).” Population Association of America.

Palmer, Alasdair and David Wood. June 2017. “[The politics of fantasy: Immigration policy in the UK after Brexit](https://www.civitas.org.uk/content/files/thepoliticsoffantasy.pdf).” Civitas.

Paparinskis, Martins. April 2018. “[Political and electoral rights on non-citizen residents in Latvia and Estonia: Current situation and perspectives](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/604953/IPOL_BRI(2018)604953_EN.pdf).” European Parliament.

Passel, Jeffrey S. and D’Vera Cohn. June 12, 2019. “[Mexicans decline to less than half the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population for the first time](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/06/12/us-unauthorized-immigrant-population-2017/).” Pew Research Center.

Passel, Jeffrey S. and D’Vera Cohn. Nov. 27, 2018. “[Methodology – U.S. unauthorized immigrant total dips to lowest level in a decade](https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2018/11/27/unauthorized-immigration-estimate-methodology/).” Pew Research Center.

Peralta-Gallego, Leia, Joan Gené-Badia and Pedro Gallo. August 22, 2018. “[Effects of undocumented immigrants exclusion from health care coverage in Spain](https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0168851018304160?token=E76208C72CF13216540CB184706E49259EDE2DAF080D2B143A38C9E210F9465A01AAD4B06EC5954E2F0C7CADF6CE4C87).” Health Policy.

Piché, Victor. June 4, 2018. “[Cinq mythes sur l’immigration en France: différents contextes](https://journalmetro.com/opinions/parlons-immigration/1603484/cinq-mythes-sur-limmigration-en-france-differents-contextes-differents-mythes/).” Métro.

Thorud, Espen. Jan. 19, 2017. “[Immigration and immigrants 2015-2016](https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/5a8e49d721ad456ea8bd698ea2d543ef/immigration-and-immigrants-20152016-complete.pdf).” Norwegian Ministries.

Tondo, Lorenzo. Aug. 25, 2019. “[Nearly 900,000 asylum seekers living in limbo in EU, figures show](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/25/asylum-seekers-limbo-eu-countries).” The Guardian.

UK Office for National Statistics. Aug. 21, 2019. “[Understanding different migration data sources: August 2019 progress report](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/understandingdifferentmigrationdatasources/augustprogressreport).”

UK Office for National Statistics. July 16, 2012. “[Explaining the difference between the 2011 census estimates and the rolled-forward population estimates](http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-data/2011-first-release/first-release--quality-assurance-and-methodology-papers/differences-between-2011-census-est-and-rolled-forward-pop-est.pdf).”

UK Office for National Statistics. April 10, 2014. “[Quality of long-term international migration estimates from 2001 to 2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/methodologies/internationalmigrationmethodology/qualityoflongterminternationalmigrationestimatesfrom2001to2011tcm77359622.pdf).”

Valle, Jorge L. Vega, Sandra Martin Mazo and Antonio Argüeso Jiménez. Oct. 24-26, 2018. “[Duration of migratory episodes in Spain: Procedure of calculation and results](https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.10/2018/mtg1/ESP_Longitudinal_ENG.pdf).” United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

Van Hook, Jennifer and Frank D. Bean, James D. Bachmeier, Catherine Tucker. Feb. 26, 2014. “[Recent trends in coverage of the Mexican-born population of the United States: Results from applying multiple methods across time](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-014-0280-2).” Demography.

Vogel, Dita. July 2015. “[Update report Germany: Estimated number of irregular foreign residents in Germany (2014)](http://irregular-migration.net/fileadmin/irregular-migration/dateien/4.Background_Information/4.5.Update_Reports/Vogel_2015_Update_report_Germany_2014_fin-.pdf). Clandestino.

Wallis, Emma. Feb. 2, 2019. “[When can refugee status or subsidiary protection be revoked?](https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/15108/when-can-refugee-status-or-subsidiary-protection-be-revoked)” InfoMigrants.

Woodbridge, Jo. 2005. “[Sizing the unauthorised (illegal) migrant population in the United Kingdom in 2001](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/illegalimmigrantsintheuk/migrantpop_in_uk.pdf).” United Kingdom’s Home Office.

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**Next:** [Appendix E: Updated unauthorized immigrant population estimates for Europe and the United Kingdom, 2014-2017](https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/11/13/eu-unauthorized-immigrants-appendix-e-updated-unauthorized-immigrant-population-estimates-for-europe-and-the-united-kingdom-2014-2017.md)