---
title: "Appendix C: References"
description: "Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. 2014. “How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters.” Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324-1353. Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. 2016. “Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash.” HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series No. RWP16-026. Schulz, A., Müller, P., Schemer, C., […]"
date: "2018-07-12"
authors:
  - name: "Katie Simmons"
    job_title: "Former Associate Director, Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/katie-simmons/"
  - name: "Laura Silver"
    job_title: "Associate Director, Global Attitudes Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/laura-silver/"
  - name: "Courtney Johnson"
    job_title: "Former Research Associate"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/courtney-johnson/"
  - name: "Richard Wike"
    job_title: "Director, Global Attitudes Research"
    link: "https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/richard-wike/"
url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/07/12/western-europe-political-ideology-appendix-c-references/"
datasets:
  - name: "Fall 2017 Media and Politics in Western Europe Survey Data"
    url: "https://www.pewresearch.org/dataset/fall-2017-media-and-politics-in-western-europe-survey-data/"
---

# Appendix C: References

Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. 2014. “[How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0010414013512600?journalCode=cpsa).” Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.

Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. 2016. “[Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash](https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401).” HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series No. RWP16-026.

Schulz, A., Müller, P., Schemer, C., Wirz, D. S., Wettstein, M., & Wirth, W. 2017. “[Measuring populist attitudes on three dimensions.](https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/30/2/316/2993904?redirectedFrom=fulltext)” International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 30(2), 316-326.

Spruyt, B., Keppens, G., & Van Droogenbroeck, F. 2016. “[Who supports populism and what attracts people to it?](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1065912916639138?journalCode=prqb)” Political Research Quarterly, 69(2), 335-346.

Stanley, B. 2011. “[Populism, nationalism, or national populism? An analysis of Slovak voting behaviour at the 2010 parliamentary election](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967067X11000481).” Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 44(4), 257-270.